Rural and Urban variation in disease frequency

In our society, there are rural and urban peoples. The disease epidemiology is deals with the source, locality, variation from place to place, variation from a community to another etc; here, this epidemiological study leads to determine the disease frequency and to find out preventive measures to control it.

How the disease frequency determined?

Epidemiological studies are the main source of conclusion of disease frequency. Besides this, No. of Hospitalized patients and No. of infected person by which any epidemics at an earlier time are a significant references to determine disease frequency among rural and urban community.

When we concern rural and urban variation in disease frequency, there are many features that determine the frequency of disease. Some of them are;

Disease frequency may increase in rural area because:

1. Lack of safe and wholesome water (increases chances of communicable disease occurrence).
2. Poor sanitation.
3. Reduced medical facility.
4. Lack of good health education.
5. Self treatment and other folk methods are often leads to disease complication.
6. Absence of good transportation (to get hospitalized of disabled and other accidental patients).

Prescribed demerits of rural community often lead to increased rate of disease frequency in rural area.

Disease frequency may decrease in urban area because:

1. Availability of filtered and pure water (decreases chances of communicable disease occurrence).
2. Well maintained sanitation.
3. Increased medical facility.
4. Proper knowledge and good health education.
5. Proper consultation from a variety of specialized doctors.
6. Fully improved transportation.

Prescribed merits and qualities are often decreases the disease epidemiological statistics low level for urban community.

In short, the disease frequency in urban area is low level in aspect of rural population.

A short note on Hardness of Water

Water is an essential part of our life. Every living organism needs water to survive and complete their lifespan. About human being there is need pure and wholesome water to survive for him. There is no benefit from contaminated or effluent water for human being. Besides contamination of water, there we can classify hard water to two types.

Temporary hard water

Permanent Hard Water

What is hard water?

Hardness of water is measured or calculated as per the reaction of water with soap. We all know that hardness of water can reduce by soap or using any detergents. As per WHO, harness of water is the capacity of water to react with soap. Hard water consists of many minerals and other salts from soil. It makes the water as hard.

Where did water get hardness?

Water is a natural gift and it originated from nature. Water deposit under soil and sedimentary rocks are often containing many minerals and get hard. Calcium (Cl), Sodium (Na) and other minerals are included in water. Sometimes, the presence of Magnesium (Mg) was found in water. Water in coastal areas is always hard and need to boil for consumption.

Temporary hard water

Temporary hard water is defined as the hardness of water due to the presence of calcium and magnesium bicarbonates. These bicarbonates are soluble in water and it is easy to remove by boiling.

Mg(HCO₃)₂ = Mg⁺² +2HCO₃^-1

Ca(HCO₃)₂ = Ca⁺² + 2HCO₃^-1

Permanent Hard Water

Permanent Hard Water is defined as the hardness due to the presence of chlorides or sulphates of calcium and magnesium. These types of hardness can also remove by methods described below.

CaCl₂= Ca⁺² + 2Cl^-1

MgSO₄=Mg⁺² + SO₄^-2

How can remove Hardness of Water?

Hardness of can remove by following methods:

1. CLARK'S METHOD
2. ION-EXCHANGE METHOD

CLARK'S METHOD

In this method, some amount of calcium hydroxide is added to the hard water, there should be a reaction take place and bicarbonates are obtained from water as insoluble. Water get rid from hardness easily and eligible for consumption after filtration.

Ca(HCO₃)₂ + Ca(OH)₂ = 2CaCO₃ + 2H₂O

Mg(HCO₃)₂ + Ca(OH)₂ = CaCO₃ + MgCO₃ + 2H₂O

ION-EXCHANGE METHOD

In this method, some amount of sodium zeolite passed to hard water. And it acts as an ion- exchanger. After reaction, the by products calcium zeolite and magnesium zeolite is isolated from water. Water gets ready to consumption after filtration.

Planning of health education

Health inspector guide invites articles on this topic. post comment below to participate our program
contribute unique articles and win incentives.

A short note on Aims of Epidemiology

International Epidemiological Association (IEA) is put some goals and aims through epidemiological studies. According to this organization the aims of epidemiology are:

1. To assess the disease diversion and magnitude of risk factors in a population
2. To describe source and origin of a disease also to take out action against pathogenesis of a disease.
3. Analytical studies of present condition, risk factors and aetiological factors help to provide the solution for a quick action and implementation of preventive measures. Priority assessment in control, treatment and surveillance methods should take place through the epidemiological studies.

Prescribed three factors are the main aims of epidemiology. For an active intervention of epidemiology there need another three factors as a beneficial methods to the aims of epidemiology. Analytical studies, descriptive studies and experimental studies are the co-related parts of epidemiology to fulfill epidemiological aims.

In short, the effective action against public health problem is concerned as ultimate aim of epidemiology. Elimination of health problems and promotion of health in a society are the effective actions by epidemiological studies.

A short note on Group Discussion

How can define a group?

Group is a good functioning unit of communication. It is simply defined as “aggregation of people” but there need to satisfy a face to face situation to define group discussion in a proper way. For example; Students in a classroom for a discussion purpose on a topic, Teachers with a discussion on an event etc;

Group discussion in health communication

Group discussion is considered a better method for a wide spread communication of health education. In a group discussion there should be occur transfer of lots of ideas among members. And also it’s helpful to find out solution for any issues present on current event/discussion topic. In one to one communication there only occurs sending the message only. But in a group there occurs sending and receiving messages of ideas, doubts, opinions etc; In short a group talk/discussion is transferring messages while receiving the feedback.

How can create an effective Group Discussion?

To create a valuable discussion pattern a group needs to satisfy some requirements.

1. A group should consist at-least 6 members
2. A total of 12 Members are enough, more than 12 is affect group efficiency.
3. Members need to sit in a circle; because maximum face to face contact is possible in circle.
4. A group leader is compulsory to control all over the discussion. And conclude the topic.
5. There need a ‘Recorder’ or ‘Reporter’ to prepare a report of the discussion.

Prescribed points are helpful to create an effective group discussion. Even, there is need to follow some rules by every participants to rise productivity in the discussion.

How can make group discussion more potential?

Potentiality of every subject is up on the participants of the group discussion. The participants need to follow some guideline to create an effective group discussion.

1. Participants need to express their own opinions very clearly. They should be with a quality of good communicator.
2. They need patience to hear other’s opinions.
3. Don’t communicate by interrupting others.
4. Be vigil to express meaningful ideas and thoughts suitable for the topic/event.
5. Help to solve and convince criticism and...
6. Forward suggestions to conclusion of topic.

These simple regulations help to bring any group discussion to a successful pattern.

To bring health education in a proper pattern there is need to include some audience out of the group discussion. They are audience or receivers of message created in group discussion circle. At last there need to give chance to receive feedback from audience and get cleared by professionals in group circle. Then group discussion is successful to create a 100 percentage of efficiency. A well organized discussion circle is cause to change attitudes, misunderstandings of people and lead to create well-being of healthy life.