Health hazards of health care waste

Health care waste is the byproduct created by health care system (hospitals, clinics and other health care facilities). Entering to such wastes may lead to further infections or any diseases. so, we need to be bothered about it. Such waste can lead to illness due to its following features:

1. Health care waste must contains any infectious agent.

2. It may include hazardous chemical substances.

3. May contain any toxic substances.

4. It may contain genotoxic and radioactive elements.

Those who handle or exposures to this waste are dangerous. Those peoples are counted in risk group. Because of they have a possibility to get infected. So, there need to be vigil and expert person to handle such waste. The main Risk groups are following:

- Doctors, nurses and other medical care auxiliaries,

- Patients attended to health care

- Patient’s relatives they often visit hospital

- Workers related with waste care management

Now we are discussing about each type of waste and its consequences;

a) Impacts of infectious waste including syringes and other surgical sharps.

Micro organisms are very minute and it may enter to the body through injury or any abrasion on the skin. They may enter to the body through mucous membrane too. The medical statistics of infection shows that pathogens are spread through waste and enter to the body through any minute puncture on the skin. HIV and Hep B, C Viruses are transmitted through this wastes. Therefore, handling such type of waste should be aggressive and must be destroy with the use of advanced techniques.

b) Impacts of hazardous chemical waste including pharmaceuticals.

Theses category of wastes need to be destroyed by modern technological aid. Because of these waste contains not only chemical substances but also they may radioactive or toxic. Much of the chemicals used in pharmaceuticals are reactive and producing reagents. They can change metabolic activity and lead to hazardous diseases.

c) Impacts of genotoxic waste including Cytotoxic drugs

Cytotoxic drugs can enter body through absorption capability of our cells. The disposals of such wastes are not easy by normal exposure to land. The dust and aerosol contain these toxicity may enter to the body and cause to further infection. Health workers and drug makers have often possibility of infection by these wastes.

d) Impacts of radioactive waste including drugs and machines

Hazards from such types of waste are much vulgar and often may lead to cancer. Radioactive element leads to uncontrolled growth of cells. It may affect genetic material because the emission from radioactive substances is able to penetrate and affect genome type. Exposure to radioactive type waste is not good for health. Those handle with such types of health care wastes need to be bothered and use advanced techniques to manage them.

Apart from these types of wastes, there is anatomical waste and biological wastes. All types needed to be eliminated using incinerators or thermal treatment or any other appropriate use of modern techniques.

Categories of Biomedical waste

Categories of Biomedical waste

10 categories of waste and disposal method are described below;

Category No.	Waste type	Method of waste disposal
Category No. 1	Anatomical waste (Human)	Incineration / Deep burial
Category No. 2	Animal waste	Incineration / Deep burial
Category No. 3	Microbiology & Biotechnology waste	Local autoclaving / microwaving / incineration
Category No. 4	Syringes & other waste sharps	Disinfection method (chemical)
Category No. 5	Discarded medicines & Cytotoxic drugs	Incineration
Category No. 6	Solid waste (cotton, plaster casts)	Incineration / microwaving
Category No. 7	Solid waste (tubing, catheters)	Chemical disinfection / microwaving / shredding
Category No. 8	Liquid waste	Chemical disinfection
Category No. 9	Incineration ash	Landfill disposal
Category No. 10	biological chemicals, disinfection chemicals, insecticides etc;	Chemical treatment

Socialization - A brief note

We know that all societies are made up of its own specification in beliefs, customs, traditions and other standards of living. A new born in a society acquires society’s rules and regulation automatically. There should be an automatic control to invigilate among each people of that society. “Socialization” means the process acquiring specification of that group such as tradition, customs etc; and becoming a member of that group. There is wide variety of examples like a children going to school become liable to school’s culture, an employee of a factory become admissible to specific manner or tradition of that firm. So, in every aspect there is a process of changing habits and receiving specific rules and regulation of that community is socialization.

A shortnote on Juvenile delinquency

What you mean by delinquent? According to Children Act, 1960 delinquent defined as “a child who has committed an offence”. What you mean by juvenile? It’s defined as a boy or girls his/her age is under 16 and 18 years respectively. In short, Juvenile delinquents are those who are disobedient in nature and indulge in criminal activities with other immoral peoples in the society.

According to statistical reports India has an increasing incidence of juvenile delinquency. More are 15 years above and boys are 4 to 5 times engaged with delinquent activities than girls.

Causes of delinquency:

a. Biological causes: There is an important role for biological cause to lead delinquency behaviour. Hereditary factor is main reason, the physical defects, mental defects, hormone problems, feeble-mindedness etc; are such leading cause of delinquency. Chromosomal imbalance is the cause in hereditary defect. Medical surveys among patients show that delinquents are often have extra Y chromosome in their chromosomal structure. XYY chromosome men are often engaged in juvenile delinquency. They are suffering severe disturbances from personality.

b. Social causes: normally some social causes to delinquency are uncontrolled children. They haven’t anyone to control them. Example; Broken homes, death of parents, divorces parents, those have step mothers or step fathers etc; are some socially occurring courses. Besides this, low living standards are lead to delinquency. Example; Poverty, alcoholism, parents who are ignored the proper child care etc;

c. Other causes: Cheap recreation, sex-thrillers or sex abusers cinemas and televisions etc; are other causes leading to delinquency in an indirect manner.

Preventive measures

1. Promoting improved living standard

2. Schooling.

3. Social welfare services

4. Better health education

5. Create good hygienic condition and environmental standard.

Intelligence Quotient (IQ) - (A short note)

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

How can define Intelligence Quotient? It’s a measurement about intelligent power of brain. It measured by mental age with chronological age by calculating it in 100 times.

The IQ formula is as given below;

IQ =	Mental age	* 100
	Chronological age

When mental age and chronological age are same, the IQ is 100. If the IQ is higher value, the child is much brilliant. About 80% of people have a 100 or nearby 100 as IQ. The different level of IQ and level of intelligence are shown below;

Level of Intelligence	IQ Range
Idiot	0-24
Imbecile	25-49
Moron	50-69
Border Line	70-79
Low Normal	80-89
Normal	90-109
Superior	110-119
Very Superior	120-139
Near Genius	140 and over

The one thing to understand that the IQ is best ideal measurement of potentiality of brain and it’s lead the performance of your child at school age.

Childhood behavioural problems

Govt. of India is vigilant about our child and child health problems. There is many national programs aims to maternal and child health welfare. National health programmes are including with Anti Natal Care (ANC), Maternal and Child Health (MCH), Pulse Polio Immunization (PPI) etc;

Inspite of health problems or normal illness, there is behavioural problems found in childhood. Behavioural disturbances are also included in child health programme. Behavioural problems are the byproduct through their family, society. IUCW (International Union for Child Welfare reported that India consist of 1.5 million such children with childhood behavioural problems.

Behavioural problems

The main behavioural problems found in childhood are:

1. Antisocial activity in nature:

Stealing, lying, gambling, cruelty, sexual offences, destructiveness etc;

2. Habitual disorder:

Thumb sucking, nail baiting, bed wetting, masturbation etc;

3. Personality disorder:

Jealousy, temper-tantrums, timidity, shyness, day-dreaming, fears and anxieties, unsociability, hysterical manifestations etc;

4. Psychosomatic complaints:

Tremors, headache, asthma, depression, delusion, hallucinations etc:

5. Educational difficulties:

Backwardness in studies, school phobia, school failures etc:

Behavioural problems are normally by-product of behaviour disorders due to social maladjustments, social incompatibility, mental deficiency etc;

There is one word answer for these problems is follow good habit and good living standards, better social environment and health education.