A short note on Incineration

What is incineration process and what its usage? It is helpful for high definition of waste management. It is a treatment with high temperature and oxidizes all organic components of wastes to inorganic matter and reduces combustible waste with reduction of quantity of waste by volume and weight. The process is not suitable for all type of hazardous waste. Incinerators are specialized with chambers, and tape of wastes etc;

Requirements of the appropriate wastes suitable for incineration are;

a) low heating volume – above 2000 kcal/kg for single chamber and above 3500 kcal/kg for pryolytic double chamber incinerators respectively

b) 60% of waste need to be combustible

c) Noncombustible solids or matters not be more than 5%

d) Other noncombustible matters not be more than 20%

e) Moisture of waste matters should be below 30%

Types of wastes not suitable for incineration are;

a) Gas containers because of pressure in it

b) Chemical wastes in large quantity because of its reactivity

c) Photographic or radioactive elements because of emission and other chemical obstructions

d) Plastics with organic elements such as PVC

e) Types of wastes contain mercury or cadmium in large amount.

Health hazards of health care waste

Health care waste is the byproduct created by health care system (hospitals, clinics and other health care facilities). Entering to such wastes may lead to further infections or any diseases. so, we need to be bothered about it. Such waste can lead to illness due to its following features:

1. Health care waste must contains any infectious agent.

2. It may include hazardous chemical substances.

3. May contain any toxic substances.

4. It may contain genotoxic and radioactive elements.

Those who handle or exposures to this waste are dangerous. Those peoples are counted in risk group. Because of they have a possibility to get infected. So, there need to be vigil and expert person to handle such waste. The main Risk groups are following:

- Doctors, nurses and other medical care auxiliaries,

- Patients attended to health care

- Patient’s relatives they often visit hospital

- Workers related with waste care management

Now we are discussing about each type of waste and its consequences;

a) Impacts of infectious waste including syringes and other surgical sharps.

Micro organisms are very minute and it may enter to the body through injury or any abrasion on the skin. They may enter to the body through mucous membrane too. The medical statistics of infection shows that pathogens are spread through waste and enter to the body through any minute puncture on the skin. HIV and Hep B, C Viruses are transmitted through this wastes. Therefore, handling such type of waste should be aggressive and must be destroy with the use of advanced techniques.

b) Impacts of hazardous chemical waste including pharmaceuticals.

Theses category of wastes need to be destroyed by modern technological aid. Because of these waste contains not only chemical substances but also they may radioactive or toxic. Much of the chemicals used in pharmaceuticals are reactive and producing reagents. They can change metabolic activity and lead to hazardous diseases.

c) Impacts of genotoxic waste including Cytotoxic drugs

Cytotoxic drugs can enter body through absorption capability of our cells. The disposals of such wastes are not easy by normal exposure to land. The dust and aerosol contain these toxicity may enter to the body and cause to further infection. Health workers and drug makers have often possibility of infection by these wastes.

d) Impacts of radioactive waste including drugs and machines

Hazards from such types of waste are much vulgar and often may lead to cancer. Radioactive element leads to uncontrolled growth of cells. It may affect genetic material because the emission from radioactive substances is able to penetrate and affect genome type. Exposure to radioactive type waste is not good for health. Those handle with such types of health care wastes need to be bothered and use advanced techniques to manage them.

Apart from these types of wastes, there is anatomical waste and biological wastes. All types needed to be eliminated using incinerators or thermal treatment or any other appropriate use of modern techniques.

Categories of Biomedical waste

Categories of Biomedical waste

10 categories of waste and disposal method are described below;

Category No.	Waste type	Method of waste disposal
Category No. 1	Anatomical waste (Human)	Incineration / Deep burial
Category No. 2	Animal waste	Incineration / Deep burial
Category No. 3	Microbiology & Biotechnology waste	Local autoclaving / microwaving / incineration
Category No. 4	Syringes & other waste sharps	Disinfection method (chemical)
Category No. 5	Discarded medicines & Cytotoxic drugs	Incineration
Category No. 6	Solid waste (cotton, plaster casts)	Incineration / microwaving
Category No. 7	Solid waste (tubing, catheters)	Chemical disinfection / microwaving / shredding
Category No. 8	Liquid waste	Chemical disinfection
Category No. 9	Incineration ash	Landfill disposal
Category No. 10	biological chemicals, disinfection chemicals, insecticides etc;	Chemical treatment

Socialization - A brief note

We know that all societies are made up of its own specification in beliefs, customs, traditions and other standards of living. A new born in a society acquires society’s rules and regulation automatically. There should be an automatic control to invigilate among each people of that society. “Socialization” means the process acquiring specification of that group such as tradition, customs etc; and becoming a member of that group. There is wide variety of examples like a children going to school become liable to school’s culture, an employee of a factory become admissible to specific manner or tradition of that firm. So, in every aspect there is a process of changing habits and receiving specific rules and regulation of that community is socialization.